Appraise Qualitative Data - Criminal Justice Essay

Appraise Qualitative Data - Criminal Justice - Essay Example An effective research process should however involve identification and reporting of negative evidence. This is due to the reality that presence of negative evidence indicates that there is likelihood that certain conditions exist (Aselin, Gallucci & DeCoster, 2013). Identifying and reporting negative evidence is important in qualitative research because it allows the researcher to determine the differences and similarities of the gathered data (Evans, 2013). In this sense, a researcher is able to analyze divergent views on a specific topic before inferences can be made. Identifying negative evidence enables a researcher to analyze concepts more objectively. Bias towards research evidence which supports the beliefs or hypotheses of a researcher can be avoided if negative evidence is identified and reported in the research processes (Palys & Atchison, 2012). Qualitative research involves reflection on findings before making conclusions (Aselin, Gallucci & DeCoster, 2013). It is through the identification of negative evidence that a researcher can reflect on the meaning of different viewpoints and as a result make nonbiased conclusions. When researchers report negative evidence, there demonstrate that the gathered information is accountable and therefore reliable. Data analysis procedures are more accountable when researchers consider both the supporting and opposing evidence (Bottoms & Tankebe, 2012). Negative evidence should be reported so that absence of evidence does not demonstrate lack of accountability in the data gathering and analysis stages of a research (Hagan, 2011). Empirical research is often reviewed by peers. During the review, the gathering and analysis of data is evaluated in line with procedures used by the researcher. Such procedures can only be doomed to be accountable and reliable if negative evidence is identified and reported by the researcher (Aselin, Gallucci & DeCoster, 2013). The coding of qualitative

Nursing leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing leadership - Essay Example More so, it requires nurses to ensure that they are well equipped with recent and updated skills and knowledge to be able to practice safely and effectively without supervision. In addition, it involves keeping clear and accurate records to help in future references and avoid unnecessary confusion. A systemic review is where several trials of similar intervention are conducted to create an outstanding outcome. It aims at coming up with the best available research on a given issue by synthesizing the results of various studies. It makes use of transparent methods to identify, analyze and combine the results of any relevant study. Systemic reviews have become acceptable in health care setting and other disciplines. Philosophy of nursing refers to the core values and beliefs that a nurse upholds when performing their professional duties. It is the belief that every patient, regardless of their race, economic status, or disease they are suffering from, should receive high quality health care with the highest regards to compassion, integrity and respect that they deserve. Personal philosophy nursing includes the nurses’ feelings and perceptions on ethical issues of nursing as well as the patient’s basic human rights. Nursing is an important profession that mainly deals with individuals’ health care. It involves provision of holistic and quality healthcare for the sick and infirm. Nurses are expected to offer quality care and create awareness about different health conditions among the patients as well as the public. More so, they empower every patient concerning the delivery of a holistic treatment approach. Nevertheless, nursing helps in providing necessary support to different patients and their families. Nursing is all about providing quality health care to those who are in need. It is about maintaining a good relationship with the patient, being a

Top management do not really have control over strategic direction to Essay

Top management do not really have control over strategic direction to the extent that the design lens suggests. Critically discuss - Essay Example As Michael Porter (1972) opines that core of general management is strategy which he elaborates as: "-------developing and communicating the company's unique position, making trade offs, and forging fit among activities". Strategic position is based on customers' needs, customers' accessibility or the variety of a company's products and services. The definitions of strategy, varied in nature, depth and coverage, offer us a glimpse of the complexity involved in understanding this daunting, yet interesting and challenging concept. For many companies and most of the time, a single strategy is not only inadequate but also inappropriate. The need is for multiple strategies at different levels. Segregated units, known as profit centers for strategic business units (SBU). A complementary concept to the SBU, valid for the external environment of a company, is a strategic business area (SBA). There are various levels such as organizational and strategic levels. Corporate level strategy is ove rreaching plan of action covering the various function performed by different SBU'S. Apart from these levels, occasionally companies plan at some other levels and often set strategies at a level higher than the corporate level. These are called societal strategies. Corporate and Business level strategies derive their rationale from the societal strategy. Societal strategies are manifest in the form of vision and mission statement, while functional and operational strategies take the shape of functional and operational implementation, respectively. Role of top management: Now to implement strategies at various levels various level managers have to do the conscious decision-making. Decision-making is the most important function of any manager. Strategic decision making is the prominent task of the top management. The difference lies in the levels at which they operate. While decision-making pertains to all managerial functions, strategic decision making largely relates to the responsibilities of the Top management. Strategic tasks are by their very nature complex and varied. Decision-making in performing strategic tasks is, therefore, an extremely difficult, complicated and at times, intriguing and enigmatic process. In the process of strategic management the basic thrust of strategic decision-making is to make a choice regarding the courses of action to adopt. The fundamental strategic decision relates to the choice of a mission. With regard to objective setting, the top management is faced with alternatives regarding the diffe rent yardstick to measure performance. Finally, at the level of choosing a strategy, the top management chooses from among a number of strategic alternatives in order to adopt one specific course of action, which would make the company achieve its objectives and realize its mission. Apart from the fundamental decisional choice, as pointed above, there are numerous occasions when the top management has to make important strategic decisions. Environmental threats and opportunities are abundant; that the top management focuses its attention only a few of those. Likewise, there are many company strengths and weaknesses; the top management considers only a limited member at any given time. With regard to resource

ICT Specification Essay Example for Free

ICT Specification Essay This business is a company based on renting cars that are owned by the company itself to people which are in need of transportation and are willing to pay a one-off payment most cases to hire a car that may include a chauffeur if required this will be at extra cost. This company offers a number of things: * Unlimited mileage for your whole rental (except in a few instances*) * All mandatory insurances * A guaranteed discount for booking on line! * Waiver for collision damage liability (so you dont pay for damage to the vehicle, except for a normal excess and exceptions) * Waiver for vehicle theft (so you do not pay if your rental car is stolen, except for an excess) * All other direct charges or surcharges known pre-booking (with a few exceptions*) The company also has their own web page which can be used for various things. www.carrentals.co.uk It is run by Mr F James who started this business 4 years ago independently and has successfully been the manager at their main office which is located: 16 Waterworks street Aston Birmingham B6 6TR Overall they employ 15 people not including Mr James. These people do various jobs such as: * Customer services: await phone calls from the customers that have already rented a car encase there are any problems or any issues that need solving or they need assistance with. * Answering phones calls at first stage: this is when customers might call in for information or are first giving in their details to the company, to enable them access to a car. * Availability and returns personal: these are the people that update the database with information on cars that are available, new or they make sure the cars are return in the same condition they were handed out on. * Repairs: this is a mechanic who will restore and check the cars before they are given to the next customer. * Chauffeur: these are the personal that drive the customers if they require a driver. * Admin people: these are the people that keep control of the situation and make sure that everything is going according to their specification and they are meeting their customers needs. Furthermore this type of personal is in charge of all toe new buys the company makes for example in cars and they make sure improvements are made. The customers of this business are people in need to rent a car these people could be anyone whom for example, is in need of a trip therefore renting a car or is arriving at a new city or country and needs a pickup from the airport or wants a car to roam around the city with. Also there could be customers that are tired of driving the same car every day and want to upgrade to a higher class car for a week so that they can give themselves a luxurious experience.

Understanding Communication in Animals

Understanding Communication in Animals Ever since the beginning of animal and human existence, there has been a continuous flow of information between individuals and groups. The term communication comes from Latin word commÃ…Â «nicÄ re to share and defines the process of giving information or of making emotions or ideas known to someone (MacMillanDictionary n.d.). Human communication has a very elaborated structure. A language is a complex communication system and it occurs when the speaker and the listener possess a representational process that is common and that ensures similar coding and decoding of signal meaning (Rendall et al. 2009) Even if animals might not have the ability to speak a language or utter various words, they have many other ways of expressing themselves. In animal communication, scent is probably the most common sense used by animals in order to mark their territory, to warn off or even scare intruders, to show their readiness to mate or even to attract the prey. In general, they use strong smelling urine for these purposes but some animals possess scent glands that produce persistent odours. Skunks are widely known for their anal scent glands that spray an oily liquid towards their enemy. The foul mist does not do any serious damage to the victim but it scares him off and it could linger on his body for a few days. Snakes and lizards use their tongues in order to collect the scent particles in the air then they analyze the information inside their mouths. Many insects, such as bees, ants and moths use pheromones to communicate, mostly for attracting males. Another source of scent utilized by some animals (for example: the rabbit, the hippopotamus, the vicuna) to make their presence be felt on different territories is excrements. The y try to mark their territory by dropping large heaps of feces so others would keep distance. The second sense that animals rely on to a great extent is hearing. In order to survive and succeed, animals guide themselves by the acoustic signals that they produce and receive. There is an ample variety of sounds that could be produced by animals, depending on size and species. Numerous acoustic signals that are transmitted by animals are not distinguished or noticed by humans because of the ultra-low sounds that can’t be perceived by human ear. The most vocal animals are birds that are well-known for their songs in different tonalities and cheerful chirping, especially in spring and summer. Whales, the largest of all mammals, are experts in the art of sound communication. They use various types of sounds, like whistles, clicks and pulsed calls for multiple purposes: echolocation, mate calling, and social interaction (Anon n.d.). Other animals that are often heard by humans are frogs and toads that have developed their vocal signals by using little bags of air as sound res onators which are situated on the sides of the head or in the throat. Elephants can produce a wide range of sounds, from rumbles to snorts and cries, going from very low frequencies to higher ones. When they are in danger or they are in a state of extreme excitement they use their trunks to deliver long resounding trumpeting. Their large ears allow them to have a great sensitivity to lower frequencies and also a better capacity in localizing sounds. A third sense that helps animals communicate is sight. Visual signals at animals are diverse and they can come in many forms of display, such as mimicry, body posture, and facial expressions. For example, male peacocks and lyre birds display their exquisite colorful feathers and bodies in order to attract females for mating, visual communication being used in their advantage. Body language is frequently used by dogs, cats, monkeys and other animals. An example would be the moment when two dogs meet for the first time and they start setting their hierarchical position through body postures. If one holds its tail between the legs it means that the dog is found in a submissive position, allowing the other, with raised tail, to exercise power and dominance. Dogs also make use of their tails by wagging them in order to show happiness, excitement or pleasure. In opposition, cats waving tail is a signal of anger and irritation. The non-human primates, the monkeys, use a lot of facial expres sions and body language to express their feelings. They flutter eyelids and raise eyebrows to denote pleasure, they hug to show friendship towards the other, and the males hit their chests in order to show superiority. The art of mimicry is a fascinating modality of visual communication between animals. Mimicry occurs when an animal copies the actions, the appearance or the sounds of another animal or even the surrounding itself in order to avoid predators and enemies and to get them confused. For example, the peacock butterfly has large eye-spots on its wings to give the predator the false impression that it represents something bigger than it actually is so that would scare him off. Another example is the elephant hawk moth caterpillar who inflates its snake-like- head when being attacked to create the illusion of being a bigger and scarier animal. Other type of visual communication is warning coloration which can be found at caterpillars, various insects, frogs and snakes, the bright colors representing a warning for the potential predators. Their coloration pattern shows how dangerous or poisonous they can be and also if they have a dreadful taste. So, in general, animals learn how to avoid the danger in such cases. Even though it might not be as important as other senses, touch is used by some animals in order to communicate their feelings towards others. As humans make certain gestures like shaking hands, kissing or hugging when meeting someone, monkeys also hug as a sign of affection. In addition to humans, they have a special and unique greeting which consists in placing the hand in the each other’s mouth as a sign of trust and friendliness between them. Cats are creatures that are avid after tactile communication with others of their kind or even with humans. They usually rub their bodies against each other, especially around the face area but also along their bodies, intertwining their tails. Some domestic and savage cats use each other as â€Å"cushions†, this behavior being some form of social bonding and affection. They love grooming each other and curl up together. Owner of over 1000 tiny receptors, the crocodile is very sensitive to any kind of presence or movement. These receptors are present around their jaw line and they can easily detect vibrations in the water and the location of their prey even when a small insect stops by to take a drink. Animal communication has always been fascinating to humans as we try to understand which are the similarities and differences between human language and animals’ ways of expressing themselves. Karl von Frisch, a professor of zoology at the University of Munich, conducted some research on bee communication during around thirty years and he revealed some important principles that helped us understand more about animal communication(Benveniste 1953) First of all, we found out that there are some similarities between bee communication and human language. They are able to offer and to receive messages that contain real data, they can describe the location and the distance of a certain object and they can communicate all these by using various somatic movements. Therefore, it was demonstrated that bees own some kind of â€Å"memory† which enables them to store all the data and then transmit it to others. On the other hand, the differences between human language and bee communication are significant. Bees can only transmit the message through body language without being able to create sounds through vocal organs. Their communication can occur only during daylight, an element that permits visual perception while human communication is not limited by this factor. Another important difference between the two ‘languages’ is the fact that, unlike humans, bees can’t carry a dialogue therefore there is no exchange of linguistic information and no reply from the receiver of the message. Also, bees’ messages can’t be analyzed because they can only be seen as a general reference to a total content. But in human’s speech, each utterance can be reduced to parts that could easily be combined according to some certain rules so there is a great variety in human language. So, we got to the conclusion that bee’s communication is not a language but a signal code because there is an invariability of the message, a unilaterality of transmission, an impossibility of separating the elements of the message and also fixity of the topic. Studies made on non-human primates showed that while humans acquire extra information about a speaker’s intentions, wishes, and beliefs during a dialogue, apes and monkeys appear to have no such abilities because there is no theory of mind. Their way of communicating might appear a bit chaotic when it is compared to human language. For example, when they encounter dangerous situations, they create some alarm vocalizations which are not structured but short and noisy. These sounds are ideally produced to capture the listener’s attention as quick as possible in order to warn it about the potential dangers and to make it react really fast. To conclude, the lack of a real language in animal communication does not mean that there is no similarity between human language and animal communication. Humans will always make research about animal communication in order to get a better understanding of the way the non-human beings express themselves. Bibliography and References Anon, Whales make noise to communicate, locate food, and find each other. , p.http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whalesounds.htm. Available at: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whalesounds.htm [Accessed January 15, 2014]. Benveniste, E., 1953. Animal Communication and Human Language: The Language of the Bees. Diogenes, 1(1), pp.1–7. Available at: http://dio.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/039219215300100101 [Accessed January 11, 2014]. MacMillanDictionary, No Title. Available at: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/communication [Accessed January 14, 2014]. Rendall, D., Owren, M.J. Ryan, M.J., 2009. What do animal signals mean? Animal Behaviour, 78(2), pp.233–240. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347209002589 [Accessed January 11, 2014]. 1

Comparing Evil in Emerson, Hawthorne, and Melville Essay -- comparison

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lionel Trilling once said, "A proper sense of evil is surely an attribute of a great writer." (98-99) Although he made the remark in a different context, one would naturally associate Hawthorne and Melville with the comment, while Emerson's might be one of the last names to mind. For the modern reader, who is often in the habit of assuming that the most profound and incisive apprehension of reality is a sense of tragedy, Emerson seems to have lost his grip. He has often been charged with a lack of vision of evil and tragedy. Yeats, for example, felt that Whitman and Emerson "have begun to seem superficial, precisely because they lack the Vision of Evil" (qtd. in Matthiessen 181).    There is no doubt that Emerson was a yea-sayer. He did celebrate the daylight and hope in preference to blackness and despair. At the same time, however, he was not unaware of the existence of evil. He personally went through the agony of unusual poverty and a series of deaths of his beloved ones, and his own health was constantly threatened. He knew life was hard and full of tribulations. But Emerson discovered the key to the perplexing reality in absolute faith in human nature and divinity: A human being is capable of banishing whatever evil with the guidance of divinity that sometimes seems to accomplish the just cause at any cost, even by an evil agent. Throughout 'Self-Reliance' echoes his strong conviction in human nature and God:    Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events...And we are new men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and inv... .... "Self-Reliance." The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. Sculley Bradley et al. Vol. 1, 4th ed. New York: Norton, 1983. 1036-1048. -----. "The American Scholar." The American Tradition in Literature. 1080-1092. -----. "Experience." The American Tradition in Literature. 1126-1135. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The American Tradition in Literature. 672-683. Hoeltje, Hubert H. "Hawthorne, Melville, and Blackness," American Literature, 37 (1965): 279-285. Matthiessen, F.O. American Renaissance. New York: Oxford & University Press, 1941. Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. New York: Norton, 1967. -----. Billy Budd. The American Tradition in Literature. 997-1054. Sherman, Paul. Emerson's Angle of Vision Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952. Trilling, Lionel. The Opposing Self. New York: Viking Press, 1955.   

New Deal Essay -- essays research papers

The most active First Hundred Days was under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first term. In a desperate attempt to solving the woes of the American population, FDR and his Congress passed more bills than any other president-congressional combination as ever done in their first impression time period. FDR’s domestic policy, known more widely as the New Deal, was intended to be a group of innovative measures to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. Roosevelt and the U.S. Congress, trying to reduce unemployment, restore prosperity and return a sense of morale to American citizens, endorsed a wide variety of bills creating new federal programs and agencies. These agencies were known as alphabet agencies due to their titles that included many different letters (i.e., WPA, FERA, TVA).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the New Deal was initiated to return prosperity to the American economy, in the long run, the New Deal was probably the worst policy ever started. Though providing quick relief to some areas of depression, the New Deal was overall a very socialist, perhaps even communist plan. Controlling prices, giving out jobs, commanding water flow, were just some of the many practices engaged in by the government tat went against capitalistic American point of views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some agencies did do good, however. The New Deal’s dealing with the banks was performed very well. It returned trust in leaving money in the banks with the Fed...